英语考试备忘
2023年 06月 19日 星期一 11:35:15 CST, 查询到英语成绩，顺利通过考试，感谢林老师，感谢外教，感谢北师大。本网站本是我准备复习考试之用，现作为Gist 组英语纪念.
2022-2023春季学期，英语考试考试时间：2023-06-10 13:30-16:10 考试地点：2023春期末考试，考场安排17周查询,具体考试安排尚未公布，请及时关注：北师大公共外语研究部
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2023年06月10日 顺利完成考试
预计7月2日公布成绩，愿我们都顺利通过考试！
2023年 06月 19日 星期一 公布成绩，我们顺利通过了考试。
结构分析
| 考试模块 | 数目 | 分值 | 重点内容 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lisening | 6 | 6 | conversitons | 共六段，一段一分，2010年之前的六级听力 |
| 1 | 15 | lecture | 实用英语视听说其中一篇 | |
| 3 | 9 | passage | 前两篇简单，后一篇难 | |
| Reading | 2 | 20 | 类型如阅读题型所示，难度相当 | 见下文PDF |
| Translation | 2 | 30 | C-E,E-C各占15分，平时课堂上的翻译，课上作业六篇A+课堂上所发材料特别是习语翻译 | 见下文PDF |
| Writing | 1 | 20 | 议论文写作 | 见下文分析 |
2023年06月02日星期五晴北京市北京师范大学,感谢龚国文同学指出翻译的来源问题。
议论文写作
position 和 stance 很重要，即立场鲜明，这也好那也好不行，必须站在一方。
全文分为5段来写，具体来说
- Introduction : 简明扼要的亮出观点，这部分要短
- Body : 这部分要长，文章的主要部分 . + subtopic1 必须要有 . + subtopic2 必须要有 . + refutation 驳论段，可以没有，但是写了会得高分，说明为什么反对某一观点，给出具体依据
- Conclusion 这部分也要短，简明扼要的总结关键词： restate thesis (重审）,statement (声明)
材料整理
多媒体资料
PDF教材资料
PDF六次作业
其他资料
议论文关键词
Model One
It has been argued that (有人争辩说) ...... so this argument goes ...... It is claimed that ...... However, as Smith states(声明) ...... In fact ...... Moreover ...... In addition ......
Model Two
...... contends that (声称，主张）...... argues that ...... so this argument goes ...... However ,as Jones explains ...... In addition ......
Model Three
It is the contention of ...... that ...... This position goes on to assert(断言) that ...... However ...... Indeed ...... furthermore ......
汉译英
推动中阿两大民族复兴形成更多交汇
中国人有穷变通久的哲学，阿拉伯人也说“ 没有不变的常态”。我们尊重阿拉伯国家的变革诉求，支持阿拉伯国家处主探索发展道路。处理好改革发展稳定关系十分重要。这就好比阿拉伯喜闻乐见的赛骆驼，前半程跑的太快，后半程可能体力透支，前半程跑的太慢，后半程有可能跟不上。骑手只有平衡好速度和耐力，才能够坚持到最后。
必应翻译
Chinese there is a philosophy of infinitely flexible things, and the Arabs also say that "there is no immutable normality." We respect the Arab countries' demands for change and support Arab heads in exploring the path of development. It is very important to properly handle the relationship between reform, development and stability. This is like the Arabian camel race, the first half of the run is too fast, the second half may be physically exhausted, the first half of the run too slow, the second half may not be able to keep up. Riders can only persevere until the end if they balance speed and endurance.
百度翻译
Chinese people have a philosophy of being adaptable and adaptable, while Arabs also say that there is no unchanging norm. We respect the demand for change in Arab countries and support Arab leaders in exploring development paths. It is very important to handle the relationship between reform, development, and stability. This is like the popular Camel racing race in Arabia. The first half of the race is too fast, the second half may be exhausted, and the first half is too slow, and the second half may not keep up. A rider can only persist until the end by balancing speed and endurance.
有道翻译
The Chinese have a philosophy of being poor and flexible, and the Arabs also say that "there is no constant state." We respect Arab countries' aspiration for change and support them in their efforts to explore a path of development. It is important to strike a balance between reform, development and stability. This is like the Arab favorite camel racing, the first half of the run too fast, the second half may overdraft, the first half of the run too slow, the second half may not be able to keep up. Only when the rider has a good balance of speed and endurance can he persevere to the end.
Translate Two
坚持自我，最大的障碍之一就是太在意别人的眼光。要坚持自我，你必须甘愿承受有负众望、惹人非议的风险。倘若太过执着于别人的眼光，不愿意承担如此风险，那么只能沦为傀儡，无法真正做到坚持自我。一个人可以做的最有用的事情就是做自己，而做自己就意味着克服自己的问题，只有真正克服自己的问题，才能帮助别人克服他们的问题。如果你能够做出有价值的贡献，别人的看法根本无足轻重。
必应翻译
One of the biggest obstacles to sticking to oneself is paying too much attention to other people's eyes. To stand up for yourself, you must be willing to take the risk of being undesirable and reprehensible. If you are too attached to the eyes of others and are unwilling to take such risks, you can only become a puppet and cannot really insist on yourself. The most useful thing a person can do is to be themselves, and being themselves means overcoming their own problems, and only by truly overcoming their own problems can they help others overcome their problems. If you can make a valuable contribution, what others think doesn't matter at all.
百度翻译
One of the biggest obstacles to sticking to oneself is paying too much attention to the opinions of others. To persist in yourself, you must be willing to bear the risk of falling short of expectations and causing criticism. If you are too fixated on others' perspectives and unwilling to take such risks, you can only become a puppet and cannot truly adhere to yourself. The most useful thing a person can do is to be themselves, and being oneself means overcoming one's own problems. Only by truly overcoming one's own problems can one help others overcome their problems. If you can make valuable contributions, the opinions of others are of no importance.
有道翻译
One of the biggest obstacles to standing up for yourself is caring too much about what others think. To stand up for yourself, you must be willing to risk falling short of expectations and making yourself unpopular. If you are too attached to the eyes of others and are not willing to take such risks, you can only become a puppet and cannot really adhere to yourself. The most useful thing one can do is to be oneself, and being oneself means overcoming one's own problems, and only by truly overcoming one's own problems can one help others overcome theirs. If you can make a valuable contribution, it doesn't matter what others think.
Translation Three
现在有一种说法是人文学科已经过时。当前就业市场形式如此严峻，很多大学生及学生家长都想要选择那些将来容易就业的专业，而对人文学科嗤之以鼻。这种想法显然过于狭隘。人文学科着眼的是培养通才。它不像自然科学和社会科学那样重视普遍规律和知识的积累，而是更注重一种智慧和能力的培养。它更注重有创造性的探讨过程而非固定的结论。它对人的独创性留有更大的空间。
必应翻译
There is now a saying that the humanities are outdated. The current job market is so grim that many college students and their parents want to choose majors that will be easy to find employment in the future, and turn their noses up at the humanities. This thinking is clearly too narrow. The humanities focus on cultivating generalists. It does not attach importance to the accumulation of universal laws and knowledge like the natural and social sciences, but pays more attention to the cultivation of a kind of wisdom and ability. It focuses more on creative processes rather than fixed conclusions. It leaves more room for human ingenuity.
百度翻译
Now there is a saying that the Humanities is out of date. The current form of the employment Market structure is so severe that many college students and their parents want to choose majors that are easy to find employment in the future, and they scorn Humanities. This idea is obviously too narrow. Humanities focuses on training generalists. It does not place the same emphasis on the accumulation of universal laws and knowledge as natural and social sciences, but rather places more emphasis on the cultivation of wisdom and abilities. It places more emphasis on creative exploration processes rather than fixed conclusions. It leaves greater room for human originality.
有道翻译
Now there is a saying that the humanities are obsolete. The current job market is so tough that many college students and their parents want to choose majors that are easily employable in the future, while turning their noses up at the humanities. Such thinking is obviously too narrow. The humanities focus on the cultivation of generalists. It does not pay attention to the accumulation of universal laws and knowledge, as the natural and social sciences do, but pays more attention to the cultivation of a kind of wisdom and ability. It focuses on a creative process of discussion rather than a fixed conclusion. It leaves more room for human ingenuity.
2月22日课堂翻译
We are in the midst of a once-in-a-generation opportunity to remark our approch to science.
[现状-一般] 目前，我们有机会改造科学方法本身和普及科学知识的途径，这种机会几十年一遇。
This moment , in all its difficult uncertainty---COVID-19 , economic turmoil among others---demonstrates why universities and other research stakeholders should move decisively to embrace open science.
[现状-具体] 虽然我们现在正遭遇新冠疫情，经济动荡等艰难和变数，但是这正说明为什么我们的大学及其他研究的利益相关方面应该坚决拥抱/支持开放科学。
By adopting what are called "open science" practices ,we can align the incentive structures of research production and consumption with our value, and catalyze the scientific progress our society so desperately needs.
[OS 影响] 通过采用被称为“开放科学”的做法，我们可以使各种激励科研产出及运用的机制符合我们的价值观，从而加速社会急需的科技进步。
Open science , according to Michael Nielson , is "the idea that scientific knowledge of all kinds should be openly shared as early as is practical in the discovery process."
[OS 定义] 迈克尔.尼尔森认为，开放科学是“ 一种观念，即各种科学知识从发现的一开始以及整个过程中都应该公开共享”。
That open science is an integral tool in the fight againt COVID-19 is in-disput-able: the important of access to scientific articles and data to help identify promising vaccines and therapeutics was recognized by publishers and researchers alike early in the pandemic.
[OS 影响/重要性] 开放科学己成为抗击疫情不可或缺的工具，这一点毋庸置疑：早在疫情之初，出版及研究人员就已经清楚地认识到科研文章和数据的公开对研制疫苗和治疗方法的重要性。
As a consequence, the research community has worked rapidly to take the barriers that chronically impede scientific progress.
[现状-具体] 正因如此，学界已经迅速反应，清除长期阻碍科技进步的各种障碍。
英译汉
2023年06月09日星期五多云北京市北京师范大学,历时三个小时完成六篇A+补充阅读的翻译工作。其中，原文不加彩色边框，译文用彩色边框标出，由于时间仓促，所有文章统一用必应翻译译出，请大家批判性的参考阅读,祝我们全部通过考试！
Exchanges and Mutual Learning Make Civilizations Richer and More Colorful
交流与相互学习成就文明更丰富多彩
Civilizations become richer and more colorful through exchanges and mutual learning, which form an important driver for human progress and global peace and development.
通过交流互鉴，文明变得更加丰富多彩，是人类进步和全球和平与发展的重要动力。
To promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations we must adopt a correct approach with some important principles. They, in my view, contain the following:
促进文明交流互鉴，必须采取正确的方针和一些重要原则。在我看来，它们包含以下内容：
First, civilizations come in different colors, and such diversity has made exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations relevant and valuable. Just as the sunlight has seven colors, our world is a place of dazzling colors. A civilization is the collective memory of a country or a nation. Throughout history, mankind has created and developed many colorful civilizations, from the earliest days of primitive hunting to the period of agriculture, and from booming industrial revolution to the information society. Together, they present a magnificent genetic map of the exciting march of human civilizations.
第一，文明各有各样，这种多样性使不同文明之间的交流互鉴具有现实意义和价值。就像阳光有七种颜色一样，我们的世界是一个色彩绚丽的地方。文明是一个国家或一个民族的集体记忆。纵观历史，人类创造和发展了许多丰富多彩的文明，从最早的原始狩猎到农业时期，从蓬勃发展的工业革命到信息社会。它们共同呈现了人类文明激动人心的进程的壮丽基因图谱。
“A single flower does not make spring, while one hundred flowers in full blossom bring spring to the garden.” If there were only one kind of flower in the world, people would find it boring no matter how beautiful it was. Be it Chinese civilization or other civilizations in the world, they are all fruits of human progress.
“一朵花不出春天，而百朵盛开的花却给花园带来春天。”如果世界上只有一种花，人们无论多么美丽都会觉得无聊。无论是中华文明，还是世界其他文明，都是人类进步的成果。
I have visited the Louvre Museum in France and the Palace Museum in China, both of which house millions of art treasures. They are attractive because they present the richness of diverse civilizations. Exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations must not be built on the exclusive praise or belittling of one particular civilization. As early as over 2,000 years ago, the Chinese people came to recognize that “it is natural for things to be different.”1 Greater exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations can further enrich the colors of various civilizations and the cultural life of people and open up still greater alternatives in the future.
我参观了法国的卢浮宫博物院和中国故宫博物院，这两个博物馆都收藏了数百万件艺术珍品。它们之所以有吸引力，是因为它们展示了不同文明的丰富性。不同文明之间的交流和互鉴绝不能建立在对某一文明的赞美或贬低之上。早在2000多年前，中国人就认识到“事物的不同是很自然的”。加强文明交流互鉴，可以进一步丰富各种文明的色彩和人民文化生活，为未来开辟更多的选择。
Second, civilizations are equal, and such equality has made exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations possible. All human civilizations are equal in value, and they all have their respective strengths and weaknesses. No civilization is perfect on the planet. Nor is it devoid of merit. No single civilization can be judged superior to another.
第二，文明是平等的，这种平等使不同文明之间的交流互鉴成为可能。人类所有文明的价值都是平等的，它们都有各自的长处和短处。地球上没有一个文明是完美的。它也不是没有优点。没有一个文明可以被认为优于另一个文明。
I have visited many places in the world. What interested me most during the trips was to learn about differing civilizations across the five continents, what makes them different and unique, how their people think about the world and life and what they hold dear. I have visited Chichen Itza, a window on the ancient Maya civilization, and the Central Asian city of Samarkand, an icon of the ancient Islamic civilization. It is my keenly felt conviction that an attitude of equality and modesty is required if one wants to truly understand various civilizations. Taking a condescending attitude towards a civilization cannot help anyone to appreciate its essence, and may risk antagonizing it. Both history and reality show that pride and prejudice are the biggest obstacles to exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations.
我去过世界上很多地方。在旅行中，我最感兴趣的是了解五大洲的不同文明，是什么让它们与众不同和独特，他们的人民如何看待世界和生活以及他们所珍视的东西。我参观了奇琴伊察，这是古代玛雅文明的窗口，以及中亚城市撒马尔罕，古代伊斯兰文明的标志。我深信，如果一个人想真正了解各种文明，就必须采取平等和谦虚的态度。对一种文明采取居高临下的态度无助于任何人理解其本质，并可能冒着与它对抗的风险。历史和现实都表明，傲慢与偏见是不同文明交流互鉴的最大障碍。
Third, civilizations are inclusive, and such inclusiveness has given exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations the impetus to move forward. The ocean is vast because it refuses no rivers. All civilizations are crystallizations of mankind’s diligence and wisdom. Every civilization is unique. Copying other civilizations blindly or mechanically is like cutting one’s toes to fit one’s shoes—impossible and highly detrimental. All achievements of civilizations deserve our respect and must be cherished.
第三，文明具有包容性，这种包容性为文明之间的交流互鉴提供了前进的动力。海洋之所以浩瀚，是因为它拒绝河流。一切文明都是人类勤劳和智慧的结晶。每个文明都是独一无二的。盲目或机械地复制其他文明就像割伤脚趾以适应鞋子一样——不可能而且非常有害。所有文明成就都值得我们尊重，必须珍惜。
History proves that only by interacting with and learning from others can a civilization enjoy full vitality. If all civilizations are inclusive, the so-called “clash of civilizations” can be avoided and the harmony of civilizations will become reality; as a Chinese saying goes, “Radish or cabbage, each to his own delight.”
历史证明，一个文明只有与他人互动、相互学习，才能充分生机勃勃。如果所有文明都具有包容性，就可以避免所谓的“文明冲突”，文明之间的和谐就会成为现实;正如中国谚语所说，“萝卜或卷心菜，各有各的喜悦。
Having gone through over 5,000 years of vicissitudes, the Chinese civilization has always kept to its original root. As an icon, it contains the most profound pursuits of the Chinese nation and provides it with abundant nourishment for existence and development. Deriving from Chinese soil, it has come to its present form through constant exchanges with and learning from other civilizations.
历经5000多年的沧桑，中华文明始终保持着本源。作为标志，它蕴含着中华民族最深刻的追求，为中华民族的生存和发展提供了丰富的养分。它源于中国的土地，通过与其他文明的不断交流和学习而形成了现在的形式。
In the 2nd century BC, China started the Silk Road 2 leading to the Western Regions. In 138 BC and 119 BC, Envoy Zhang Qian 3 of the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) made two trips to those regions, disseminating Chinese culture and bringing into China grapes, alfalfa, pomegranates, flax, sesame and other products.
公元前2世纪，中国开启了通往西域的丝绸之路2。公元前138年和公元前119年，汉朝使节张谦三世（公元前206年-公元220年）两次前往这些地区，传播中国文化，并将葡萄、苜蓿、石榴、亚麻、芝麻等产品带入中国。
During the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 25), China’s merchant fleets sailed as far as India and Sri Lanka where they traded China’s silk for colored glaze, pearls and other products.
在西汉时期（公元前206年至公元25年），中国的商船队远行到印度和斯里兰卡，在那里他们用中国的丝绸换取彩色釉料、珍珠和其他产品。
The Tang Dynasty (618-907) saw dynamic interactions between China and other countries. Historical records reveal that China exchanged envoys with more than 70 countries, and Chang’an, the capital of Tang, bustled with envoys, merchants and students from other countries. Exchanges of such a magnitude helped spread Chinese culture to the rest of the world and introduce other cultures and products to China.
唐朝（618-907）见证了中国与其他国家之间的动态互动。据史料记载，中国与70多个国家互派使节，唐都长安熙熙攘攘，来自其他国家的使节、商人和学生熙熙攘攘。如此大规模的交流有助于将中国文化传播到世界其他地区，并将其他文化和产品引入中国。
During the early 15th century, Zheng He 4 , a famous navigator of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), made seven expeditions to the Western Seas, reaching many Southeast Asian countries and even Kenya on the eastern coast of Africa, leaving behind many stories of friendly exchanges between China and countries along the route.
15世纪初，明代著名航海家郑和四世（1368-1644）七次远征西海，到达了许多东南亚国家，甚至到达了非洲东海岸的肯尼亚，留下了许多中国与沿线国家友好交往的故事。
During the late Ming and early Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, the Chinese people began to access modern science and technology through the introduction of European knowledge in the realms of astronomy, medicine, mathematics, geometry and geography, which helped broaden the horizons of Chinese people. Thereafter, exchanges and mutual learning between Chinese civilization and other civilizations became more frequent. Naturally, there were conflicts, frictions, bewilderment and denial, but the more dominant features of the period were learning, digestion, integration and innovation.
在明末清初（1644-1911）时期，中国人通过引入欧洲在天文学、医学、数学、几何学和地理学等领域的知识，开始接触现代科学技术，这有助于拓宽中国人的视野。此后，中华文明与其他文明的交流互鉴更加频繁。当然，有冲突、摩擦、困惑和否认，但这一时期更突出的特征是学习、消化、融合和创新。
Buddhism originated in ancient India. After it was brought to China, the religion went through an extended period of integrated development with the indigenous Confucianism and Taoism, and finally became Buddhism with Chinese features, thus greatly impacting the religious beliefs, philosophy, literature, art, etiquette and customs of China. Xuan Zang 5 , an eminent monk of the Tang Dynasty, who endured untold sufferings as he went on a pilgrimage to ancient India for Buddhist scriptures, gave full expression to the determination and fortitude of the Chinese people to learn from other cultures. I am sure you have heard of the Chinese mythological classical novel Journey to the West6 based on his stories.
佛教起源于古印度。传入中国后，该宗教经历了与本土儒家和道教融合的漫长时期，最终成为具有中国特色的佛教，从而极大地影响了中国的宗教信仰、哲学、文学、艺术、礼仪和习俗。唐代著名僧人玄奘5，在古印度朝圣佛经时，历经艰辛，充分体现了中国人民向其他文化学习的决心和毅力。我相信你听说过根据他的故事改编的中国神话古典小说《西游记》。
The Chinese people enriched Buddhism and developed some special Buddhist thoughts in the light of Chinese culture, and helped it spread from China to Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia and beyond.
中国人民根据中国文化丰富了佛教，发展了一些特殊的佛教思想，并帮助佛教从中国传播到日本、韩国、东南亚等地。
Over the last 2,000 years religions such as Buddhism, Islam and Christianity have been introduced into China, nurturing the country’s music, painting and literature. China’s freehand oil painting, for instance, is an innovative combination of its own traditional painting and Western oil painting, and the works by Xu Beihong7 and other master painters have been widely acclaimed. China’s Four Great Inventions—papermaking, gunpowder, printing and the compass—brought drastic changes to the whole world, including the European Renaissance. Its philosophy, literature, medicine, silk, porcelain and tea have been shared by the West and become part of its people’s life. The book Travels of Marco Polo provoked widespread interest in China.
在过去的2000年里，佛教、伊斯兰教和基督教等宗教被引入中国，培育了中国的音乐、绘画和文学。例如，中国的写意油画是本国传统油画与西方油画的创新结合，徐悲鸿等大师的作品广受好评。中国的四大发明——造纸术、火药、印刷术和指南针——给包括欧洲文艺复兴在内的整个世界带来了巨大的变化。它的哲学、文学、医学、丝绸、瓷器和茶叶已被西方共享，并成为其人民生活的一部分。《马可波罗游记》一书在中国引起了广泛的兴趣。
I think some of you might be familiar with the terracotta warriors and horses8 of the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC), one of the eight wonders in the world. After his visit to the site, President Chirac of France remarked that a visit to Egypt would not be complete without seeing the pyramids, and that a visit to China would not be complete without seeing the terracotta warriors and horses.
我想你们中的一些人可能熟悉世界八大奇迹之一的秦朝（公元前 221-207 年）的兵马俑8。法国总统希拉克在参观后表示，不看金字塔就不完事，不看金字塔就不完整，对中国的造访不见兵马俑就不完整。
In 1987 this national treasure was listed as one of UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritage Sites. Many Chinese legacies are ranked as World Cultural Heritage Sites, and World Intangible Cultural Heritage Sites and are listed on the Memory of the World Register. Here, I’d like to express my heartfelt thanks to UNESCO for its contribution to the preservation and dissemination of Chinese civilization.
1987年，这座国宝被列为联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产之一。许多中国遗产被列为世界文化遗产和世界非物质文化遗产，并被列入世界记忆名录。在此，我要对联合国教科文组织为保存和传播中华文明所作的贡献表示衷心的感谢。
Today, we live in a world with different cultures, ethnic groups, skin colors, religions and social systems, and all people on the planet have become members of an intimate community of shared future.
今天，我们生活在一个不同文化、不同民族、不同肤色、不同宗教、不同社会制度的世界，地球上的所有人都成为命运共同体中的一员。
The Chinese people have long come to appreciate the concept of “harmony without uniformity.” 9 Zuoqiu Ming 10 , a Chinese historian who lived 2,500 years ago, recorded a few lines by Yan Zi 11 , prime minister of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC) in Zuo’s Chronicles (Zuo Zhuan)12 : “Harmony is like cooking thick soup. You need water, fire, vinegar, meat sauce, salt and plum to go with the fish or meat. It is the same with music. Only by combining the texture, length, rhythm, mood, tone, pitch and style adequately and executing them properly can you produce an excellent melody. Who can tolerate soup with nothing but water in it? Who can tolerate the same tone played again and again with one instrument?”
中国人民早就开始欣赏“和谐而不统一”的概念。9 生活在2500年前的中国历史学家左秋明10在《左传》12中记载了春秋时期（公元前770-476年）齐国丞相严子11的几句话：“和就像煮浓汤。你需要水，火，醋，肉酱，盐和李子来搭配鱼或肉。音乐也是如此。只有将质感、长度、节奏、情绪、音调、音高和风格充分结合并正确执行，才能产生出色的旋律。谁能忍受汤里只有水？谁能容忍用一种乐器一次又一次地演奏相同的音调？
On the planet, there are more than 200 countries and regions inhabited by over 2,500 ethnic groups with a multitude of religions. Can we imagine a world with only one lifestyle, one language, one kind of music and one style of costume.
地球上有200多个国家和地区居住着2500多个民族，宗教信仰繁多。我们能想象一个只有一种生活方式、一种语言、一种音乐和一种服装风格的世界吗？
Victor Hugo once said that there was a prospect greater than the sea—the sky; there was a prospect greater than the sky—the human soul. Indeed, we need a mind that is broader than the sky as we approach different civilizations, which serve as water, moistening everything silently. We should encourage different civilizations to respect each other and live in harmony, so as to turn exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations into a bridge promoting friendship between peoples around the world, an engine driving human society, and a bond cementing world peace. We should draw wisdom and nourishment and seek spiritual support and psychological consolation from various civilizations, and work together to face down the challenges around the globe.
维克多·雨果曾经说过，有一个比大海更广阔的前景——天空;有一个比天空更伟大的前景——人类的灵魂。的确，当我们接近不同的文明时，我们需要一个比天空更宽广的思想，这些文明就像水一样，默默地润湿一切。我们要鼓励不同文明相互尊重、和睦相处，把文明交流互鉴变成促进世界各国人民友谊的桥梁，成为推动人类社会的引擎，成为巩固世界和平的纽带。我们应该汲取智慧和养分，寻求不同文明的精神支持和心理慰藉，共同应对全球挑战。
In 1987, 20 exquisite pieces of colored glaze were brought to light from an underground tomb of Famen Temple in Shaanxi, China. They proved to be Byzantine and Islamic relics brought to China during the Tang Dynasty. Marveling at these exotic relics, I was struck by the thought that we should appreciate their cultural significance rather than simply admiring their exquisiteness, and bring their inherent spirit to life instead of merely appreciating the artistic presentation of life in the past.
1987年，20件精美的彩色釉料从中国陕西法门寺的地下墓中被曝光。它们被证明是唐朝时期带到中国的拜占庭和伊斯兰文物。惊叹于这些异国情调的文物，我突然想到，我们应该欣赏它们的文化意义，而不是简单地欣赏它们的精致，并将它们固有的精神带入生活，而不仅仅是欣赏过去生活的艺术呈现。
On Runnig After One's Hat
I feel an almost savage envy on hearing that London has been flooded in my absence, while I am in the mere country. My own Battersea has been, I understand, particularly favored as a meeting of the waters. Battersea was already, as I need hardly say, the most beautiful of human localities. Now that it has the additional splendor of great sheets of water, there must be something quite incomparable in the landscape (or waterscape) of my own romantic town. Battersea must be a vision of Venice. The boat that brought the meat from the butcher’s must have shot along those lanes of rippling silver with the strange smoothness of the gondola. The greengrocer who brought cabbage to the corner of the Latchmere Road must have leant upon the oar with the unearthly grace of the gondolier. There is nothing so perfectly poetical as an island; and when a district is flooded it becomes an archipelago.
听到伦敦在我不在的时候被洪水淹没，而我只是在这个国家，我感到一种近乎野蛮的嫉妒。据我所知，我自己的巴特西作为水域的会议特别受欢迎。巴特西已经是，我几乎不用说，人类最美丽的地方。现在它有了大片水域的额外辉煌，在我自己的浪漫小镇的景观（或水景）中一定有一些无与伦比的东西。巴特西一定是威尼斯的愿景。从屠夫那里运来肉的船一定是沿着那些银色的涟漪小道射来的，带有吊舱的奇异光滑。把卷心菜带到拉奇米尔路拐角处的蔬菜水果商一定是靠在船夫超凡脱俗的优雅下划桨的。没有什么比一座岛屿更富有诗意的了;当一个地区被洪水淹没时，它就变成了一个群岛。
Some consider such romantic views of flood or fire slightly lacking in reality. But really this romantic view of such inconveniences is quite as practical as the other. The true optimist who sees in such things an opportunity for enjoyment is quite as logical and much more sensible than the ordinary “Indignant Ratepayer” who sees in them an opportunity for grumbling. Real pain, as in the case of being burnt at Smithfield or having a toothache, is a positive thing; it can be supported, but scarcely enjoyed. But, after all, our toothaches are the exception, and as for being burnt at Smithfield, it only happens to us at the very longest intervals. And most of the inconveniences that make men swear or women cry are really sentimental or imaginative inconveniences—things altogether of the mind. For instance, we often hear grown-up people complaining of having to hang about a railway station and wait for a train. Did you ever hear a small boy complain of having to hang about a railway station and wait for a train? No; for to him to be inside a railway station is to be inside a cavern of wonder and a palace of poetical pleasures. Because to him the red light and the green light on the signal are like a new sun and a new moon. Because to him when the wooden arm of the signal falls down suddenly, it is as if a great king had thrown down his staff as a signal and started a shrieking tournament of trains. I myself am of little boys’ habit in this matter. They also serve who only stand and wait for the two fifteen. Their meditations may be full of rich and fruitful things. Many of the most purple hours of my life have been passed at Clapham Junction, which is now, I suppose, under water. I have been there in many moods so fixed and mystical that the water might well have come up to my waist before I noticed it particularly. But in the case of all such annoyances, as I have said, everything depends upon the emotional point of view. You can safely apply the test to almost every one of the things that are currently talked of as the typical nuisance of daily life.
有些人认为这种关于洪水或火灾的浪漫观点在现实中略有欠缺。但实际上，这种对这种不便的浪漫观点与其他观点一样实用。真正的乐观主义者在这种事情中看到享受的机会，与普通的“愤怒的纳税人”一样合乎逻辑，也更明智，后者在他们身上看到了抱怨的机会。真正的疼痛，就像在史密斯菲尔德被烧伤或牙痛一样，是一件好事;它可以得到支持，但很少享受。但是，毕竟，我们的牙痛是例外，至于在史密斯菲尔德被烧伤，它只会在最长的时间间隔内发生在我们身上。大多数让男人发誓或女人哭泣的不便实际上是感性的或想象的不便——完全是心灵的事情。例如，我们经常听到成年人抱怨不得不在火车站闲逛并等待火车。你有没有听过一个小男孩抱怨不得不在火车站等火车？不;因为对他来说，在火车站里就是在奇迹的洞穴和诗意的快乐宫殿里。因为对他来说，信号上的红灯和绿灯就像新太阳和新月。因为对他来说，当信号的木臂突然掉下来时，就好像一个伟大的国王扔下他的法杖作为信号，开始了一场尖叫的火车比赛。我自己在这件事上是小男孩的习惯。他们也为那些只站着等待两个十五的人服务。他们的冥想可能充满了丰富而富有成效的东西。我生命中最紫色的许多时光都是在克拉珀姆交界处度过的，我想现在，在水下。我去过那里，心情如此固定和神秘，以至于在我特别注意到它之前，水很可能已经到了我的腰部。但是，在所有这些烦恼的情况下，正如我所说，一切都取决于情感观点。您可以安全地将该测试应用于目前谈论的日常生活中典型的滋扰的几乎所有事情。
For instance, there is a current impression that it is unpleasant to have to run after one’s hat. Why should it be unpleasant to the well-ordered and pious mind? Not merely because it is running, and running exhausts one. The same people run much faster in games and sports. The same people run much more eagerly after an uninteresting, little leather ball than they will after a nice silk hat. There is an idea that it is humiliating to run after one’s hat; and when people say it is humiliating they mean that it is comic. It certainly is comic; but man is a very comic creature, and most of the things he does are comic—eating, for instance. And the most comic things of all are exactly the things that are most worth doing. A man running after a hat is not half so ridiculous as a man running after a wife.
例如，目前的印象是，不得不追着帽子跑是不愉快的。为什么它应该让井然有序和虔诚的头脑不愉快？不仅仅是因为它在奔跑，而奔跑会让人筋疲力尽。同样的人在游戏和运动中跑得更快。同样的人追逐一个无趣的小皮球，比追逐一顶漂亮的丝绸帽子要热切得多。有一种想法认为追逐自己的帽子是羞辱的;当人们说这是羞辱时，他们的意思是这是喜剧。这当然是喜剧;但人是一个非常滑稽的生物，他所做的大部分事情都是喜剧的——比如吃。而最滑稽的事情，恰恰是最值得做的事情。一个男人追着帽子跑，并不像一个男人追着妻子跑那么荒谬。
Now a man could, if he felt rightly in the matter, run after his hat with the manliest ardor and the most sacred joy. He might regard himself as a jolly huntsman pursuing a wild animal, for certainly no animal could be wilder. In fact, I am inclined to believe that hat-hunting on windy days will be the sport of the upper classes in the future. There will be a meet of ladies and gentlemen on some high ground on a gusty morning. They will be told that the professional attendants have started a hat in such-and-such a thicket, or whatever be the technical term. Notice that this employment will in the fullest degree combine sport with humanitarianism. The hunters would feel that they were not inflicting pain. Nay, they would feel that they were inflicting pleasure, rich, almost riotous pleasure, upon the people who were looking on. When last I saw an old gentleman running after his hat in Hyde Park, I told him that a heart so benevolent as his ought to be filled with peace and thanks at the thought of how much unaffected pleasure his every gesture and bodily attitude were at that moment giving to the crowd.
现在，如果一个人在这件事上感觉正确，他可以带着最男子气概的热情和最神圣的快乐追赶他的帽子。他可能认为自己是一个快乐的猎人，追逐野生动物，因为肯定没有动物比他更狂野。事实上，我倾向于相信，在刮风的日子里捉帽子将是未来上流社会的运动。在阵风的早晨，女士们和先生们将在某个高地上见面。他们会被告知，专业服务员已经在某某灌木丛中戴上了帽子，或者任何技术术语。请注意，这种就业将在很大程度上将体育与人道主义结合起来。猎人会觉得他们没有造成痛苦。不，他们会觉得他们正在给那些在旁观的人带来快乐，丰富的，几乎是暴躁的快乐。当我最后一次在海德公园看到一位老绅士追着他的帽子跑时，我告诉他，像他这样仁慈的心应该充满平静和感谢，因为想到他的每一个手势和身体态度在那一刻给人群带来了多少不受影响的快乐。
The same principle can be applied to every other typical domestic worry. A gentleman trying to get a fly out of the milk or a piece of cork out of his glass of wine often imagines himself to be irritated. Let him think for a moment of the patience of anglers sitting by dark pools, and let his soul be immediately irradiated with gratification and repose. Again, I have known some people of very modern views driven by their distress to the use of theological terms to which they attached no doctrinal significance, merely because a drawer was jammed tight and they could not pull it out. A friend of mine was particularly afflicted in this way. Every day his drawer was jammed, and every day in consequence it was something else that rhymes to it. But I pointed out to him that this sense of wrong was really subjective and relative; it rested entirely upon the assumption that the drawer could, should, and would come out easily. “But if,” I said, “you picture to yourself that you are pulling against some powerful and oppressive enemy, the struggle will become merely exciting and not exasperating. Imagine that you are tugging up a lifeboat out of the sea. Imagine that you are roping up a fellow-creature out of an Alpine crevasse. Imagine even that you are a boy again and engaged in a tug-of-war between French and English.” Shortly after saying this I left him; but I have no doubt at all that my words bore the best possible fruit. I have no doubt that every day of his life he hangs on to the handle of that drawer with a flushed face and eyes bright with battle, uttering encouraging shouts to himself, and seeming to hear all round him the roar of an applauding ring.
同样的原则也适用于其他所有典型的家庭担忧。一位绅士试图从牛奶中取出苍蝇或从他的酒杯中取出一块软木塞，经常想象自己被激怒了。让他想一想坐在黑暗池边的垂钓者的耐心，让他的灵魂立即被满足和休息所照射。再一次，我认识一些非常现代观点的人，他们被神学术语的使用所驱使，他们没有教义意义，仅仅因为抽屉被塞得很紧，他们无法把它拉出来。我的一个朋友特别受这种折磨。他的抽屉每天都被卡住，结果每天都是别的东西押韵。但我向他指出，这种错误感实际上是主观的和相对的;它完全基于抽屉可以、应该而且很容易出来的假设。“但是，如果，”我说，“你对自己想象你正在与某个强大而压迫性的敌人作斗争，那么斗争将变得只是令人兴奋，而不是令人愤怒。想象一下，你正在从海里拖起一艘救生艇。想象一下，你正在从阿尔卑斯山的裂缝中捞起一个同伴。想象一下，你又是一个男孩，在法语和英语之间展开了拉锯战。说完这句话后不久，我就离开了他。但我毫不怀疑，我的话结出了最好的果实。我毫不怀疑，他一生中的每一天都紧紧抓住抽屉的把手，脸色潮红，眼睛里闪着战斗的光芒，对自己发出鼓励的呐喊，似乎听到周围到处都是掌声的轰鸣声。
So I do not think that it is altogether fanciful or incredible to suppose that even the floods in London may be accepted and enjoyed poetically. Nothing beyond inconvenience seems really to have been caused by them; and inconvenience, as I have said, is only one aspect, and that the most unimaginative and accidental aspect of a really romantic situation. An adventure is only an inconvenience rightly considered. An inconvenience is only an adventure wrongly considered. The water that girdled the houses and shops of London must, if anything, have only increased their previous witchery and wonder. For as the Roman Catholic priest in the story said: “Wine is good with everything except water,” and on a similar principle, water is good with everything except wine.
因此，我不认为认为即使是伦敦的洪水也可以被诗意地接受和享受，这完全是异想天开或不可思议的。除了不便之外，似乎没有什么是他们真正造成的;正如我所说，不便只是一个方面，也是真正浪漫情况中最缺乏想象力和最偶然的方面。冒险只是正确考虑的不便。不便只是错误考虑的冒险。包围伦敦房屋和商店的水，如果有的话，一定只会增加他们以前的巫术和奇迹。正如故事中的罗马天主教神父所说：“除了水之外，葡萄酒对一切都很好”，并且根据类似的原理，除了葡萄酒之外，水对一切都很好。
Why Study Humanities? What I Tell Engineering Freshmen
为什么要学习人文学科？我告诉工程新生的话
What’s the point of the humanities? Of studying philosophy, history, literature and “soft” sciences like psychology and poly sci? The Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences, consisting of academic, corporate, political and entertainment big shots, tries to answer this question in a big new report to Congress. The report is intended to counter plunging enrollment in and support for the humanities, which are increasingly viewed as “luxuries that employment-minded students can ill afford,” as The New York Times put it.
人文学科的意义何在？学习哲学、历史、文学和心理学和理科等“软”科学？人文和社会科学委员会由学术界、企业界、政治界和娱乐界的大人物组成，试图在提交给国会的一份大型新报告中回答这个问题。该报告旨在应对人文学科的入学率和支持率下降，正如《纽约时报》所说，人文学科越来越被视为“有就业意识的学生负担不起的奢侈品”。
Titled “The Heart of the Matter,” the report states: “As we strive to create a more civil public discourse, a more adaptable and creative workforce, and a more secure nation, the humanities and social sciences are the heart of the matter, the keeper of the republic—a source of national memory and civic vigor, cultural understanding and communication, individual fulfillment and the ideals we hold in common. They are critical to a democratic society and they require our support..
题为“问题的核心”的报告指出：“当我们努力创造一个更文明的公共话语，一个更具适应性和创造力的劳动力，以及一个更安全的国家时，人文和社会科学是问题的核心，共和国的守护者 - 国家记忆和公民活力，文化理解和交流的源泉， 个人成就和我们共同持有的理想。它们对民主社会至关重要，需要我们的支持。
I find this a bit grandiose, and obscure. I have my own humble defense of the humanities, which I came up with a couple of years ago, when I started teaching a new course required for all freshmen at Stevens Institute of Technology. The syllabus includes Sophocles, Plato, Thucydides, Shakespeare, Descartes, Hobbes, Locke, Kant, Mill, Marx, Nietzsche, William James, Freud, Keynes, Eliot—you know, Greatest Hits of Western Civilization.
我觉得这有点浮夸和晦涩难懂。我对人文学科有自己的谦虚辩护，这是我几年前想出来的，当时我开始教授史蒂文斯理工学院所有新生所需的新课程。教学大纲包括索福克勒斯、柏拉图、修昔底德、莎士比亚、笛卡尔、霍布斯、洛克、康德、密尔、马克思、尼采、威廉詹姆斯、弗洛伊德、凯恩斯、艾略特——你知道，西方文明最伟大的作品。
I love teaching the class, but I don’t assume that students love taking it. So on the first day of class I ask my wary-looking students, “How many of you would skip this class if it wasn’t required?” After I assure them that they won’t hurt my feelings, almost all raise their hands.
我喜欢教这门课，但我不认为学生喜欢上课。因此，在上课的第一天，我问我警惕的学生，“如果不是必需的，你们中有多少人会跳过这门课？在我向他们保证他们不会伤害我的感情之后，几乎所有人都举手。
When I ask what the problem is, they say they came to Stevens for engineering, computer science, physics, pre-med, finance, digital music production, etc. They don’t see the point of reading all this old impractical stuff that has nothing to do with their careers. When I ask them to guess why Stevens inflicts this course on them, someone usually says, smirking, “To make us well-rounded..
当我问问题是什么时，他们说他们来史蒂文斯是为了工程、计算机科学、物理、医学预科、金融、数字音乐制作等。他们不明白阅读所有这些与他们的职业无关的旧的不切实际的东西有什么意义。当我问他们为什么史蒂文斯要给他们上这门课时，通常会有人笑着说：“让我们全面发展。
Whenever I get the “well-rounded” response, I want to reply, “Does ‘well-rounded’ mean, like, chubby?” But I don’t want to offend overweight students. Instead I say, “I don’t really know what ‘well-rounded’ means. Does it mean being able chitchat about Shakespeare at cocktail parties? I don’t care about that.” Then I give them my pitch for the course, which goes something like this.
每当我得到“全面”的回答时，我都会想回答：“'全面'是否意味着胖乎乎的？但我不想得罪超重的学生。相反，我说，“我真的不知道'全面'是什么意思。这是否意味着能够在鸡尾酒会上闲聊莎士比亚？我不在乎这些。然后我给他们我的课程推销，大概是这样的：
We live in a world increasingly dominated by science. And that’s fine. I became a science writer because I think science is the most exciting, dynamic, consequential part of human culture, and I wanted to be a part of that. Also, I have two college-age kids, and I’d be thrilled if they pursued careers in science, engineering or medicine. I certainly want them to learn as much science and math as they can, because those skills can help you get a great job. But it is precisely because science is so powerful that we need the humanities now more than ever. In your science, mathematics and engineering classes, you’re given facts, answers, knowledge, and truth. Your professors say, “This is how things are.” They give you certainty. The humanities, at least the way I teach them, give you uncertainty, doubt and skepticism.
我们生活在一个日益被科学主导的世界。这很好。我之所以成为一名科学作家，是因为我认为科学是人类文化中最令人兴奋、最有活力、最重要的一部分，我想成为其中的一部分。此外，我有两个大学年龄的孩子，如果他们从事科学、工程或医学方面的职业，我会很高兴。我当然希望他们尽可能多地学习科学和数学，因为这些技能可以帮助你找到一份好工作。但正是因为科学如此强大，我们现在比以往任何时候都更需要人文学科。在你的科学、数学和工程课上，你会得到事实、答案、知识和真理。你的教授说，“事情就是这样。他们给你确定性。人文学科，至少是我教他们的方式，给你不确定性、怀疑和怀疑。
The humanities are subversive. They undermine the claims of all authorities, whether political, religious or scientific. This skepticism is especially important when it comes to claims about humanity, about what we are, where we came from, and even what we can be and should be. Science has replaced religion as our main source of answers to these questions. Science has told us a lot about ourselves, and we’re learning more every day.
人文学科是颠覆性的。它们破坏了所有权威的主张，无论是政治、宗教还是科学。当涉及到关于人类、我们是什么、我们来自哪里，甚至我们可以成为和应该成为什么的主张时，这种怀疑尤其重要。科学已经取代宗教成为我们回答这些问题的主要来源。科学告诉我们很多关于自己的信息，我们每天都在学习更多。
But the humanities remind us that we have an enormous capacity for deluding ourselves. They also tell us that every single human is unique, different than every other human, and each of us keeps changing in unpredictable ways. The societies we live in also keep changing—in part because of science and technology! So in certain important ways, humans resist the kind of explanations that science gives us.
但人文学科提醒我们，我们有巨大的自欺欺人的能力。他们还告诉我们，每个人都是独一无二的，与其他人不同，我们每个人都以不可预测的方式不断变化。我们生活的社会也在不断变化——部分原因是科学和技术！因此，在某些重要方面，人类抵制科学给我们的那种解释。
The humanities are more about questions than answers, and we’re going to wrestle with some ridiculously big questions in this class. Like, what is truth anyway? How do we know something is true? Or rather, why do we believe certain things are true and other things aren’t? Also, how do we decide whether something is wrong or right to do, for us personally or for society as a whole.
人文学科更多的是关于问题而不是答案，我们将在这门课上与一些荒谬的大问题搏斗。比如，真理到底是什么？我们怎么知道某件事是真的？或者更确切地说，为什么我们相信某些事情是真的，而其他事情则不是？此外，我们如何决定某件事是错的还是对的，对我们个人还是对整个社会？
Also, what is the meaning of life? What is the point of life? Should happiness be our goal? Well, what on earth is happiness? And should happiness be an end in itself or just a side effect of some other more important goal? Like gaining knowledge, or reducing suffering? Each of you has to find your own answer to these questions. Socrates, one of the philosophers we’re going to read, said wisdom means knowing how little you know. Socrates was a pompous, but there is wisdom in what he says about wisdom.
还有，生命的意义是什么？人生的意义何在？幸福应该是我们的目标吗？那么，幸福到底是什么？幸福本身应该是一个目的，还是只是其他更重要目标的副作用？比如获得知识，还是减少痛苦？你们每个人都必须找到自己的答案。我们将要读的哲学家之一苏格拉底说，智慧意味着知道你知道的有多少。苏格拉底是个自负的人，但他所说的智慧是有智慧的。
If I do my job, by the end of this course you’ll question all authorities, including me. You’ll question what you’ve been told about the nature of reality, about the purpose of life, about what it means to be a good person. Because that, for me, is the point of the humanities: they keep us from being trapped by our own desire for certainty.
如果我做我的工作，在本课程结束时，你会质疑所有当局，包括我。你会质疑你被告知的关于现实的本质，关于生活的目的，关于成为一个好人意味着什么。因为对我来说，这就是人文学科的意义所在：它们使我们不被自己对确定性的渴望所困。
Postscript: My Stevens colleague Garry Dobbins, a philosopher, likes to give me a hard time, and I him, but I’m always provoked by his take on things, like this response to my post: “As to the Humanities being to teach us a healthy skepticism, we might all agree that this is indeed one of the consequences of such an education; but if this is necessary, as you make it out, because learning science alone we do not learn the importance, or necessity of ‘uncertainty, doubt and skepticism,’ something strange and even perverse has befallen the study of science! Those taking seriously the study of the history of science, for instance, will know that there was a time when science assumed the cultural preeminence it still occupies among us precisely because it did not teach dogmas, or as you put it, ‘certainty.’ On the contrary; scientific studies from the early modern period down to the early twentieth century, anyway, were liberal studies. Surely the justification of study of the Humanities, history, literature, philosophy and the rest, is not fundamentally different than the justification for the study of science. There are forces at work in human life, whether material or spiritual, which we seek to master, so far as possible. The language in which we express our knowledge of physical forces obeys somewhat different logical rules to that in which we express our knowledge of economics for example: but this doesn’t mean that the one is less knowledge, or logical, or important, than the other, surely! That you speak of the kind of knowledge to be gained by close study of Shakespeare, Thucydides, or Plato, as ‘impractical’ surely goes to show a misunderstanding as to what is practical in a human life. Unless you can show good reason to believe Socrates mistaken in thinking that self-knowledge is only reliable foundation for a good life.”
后记：我的史蒂文斯同事加里·多宾斯（Garry Dobbins）是一位哲学家，他喜欢让我很难过，我也是，但我总是被他对事情的看法所激怒，比如对我帖子的回应：“至于人文学科是教我们健康的怀疑论，我们可能都同意这确实是这种教育的后果之一;但是，如果这是必要的，正如你所知道的，因为仅仅学习科学，我们没有学到“不确定性，怀疑和怀疑”的重要性或必要性，那么一些奇怪甚至反常的事情降临在科学研究上！例如，那些认真研究科学史的人会知道，曾经有一段时间，科学在我们中间仍然占据着文化优势，正是因为它没有教教条，或者用你的话说，“确定性”。相反;无论如何，从近代早期到二十世纪初的科学研究都是通识主义研究。当然，研究人文、历史、文学、哲学和其他学科的理由与研究科学的理由没有根本的不同。在人类生活中，无论是物质的还是精神的，都有力量在起作用，我们试图尽可能地掌握这些力量。例如，我们表达物理力知识的语言与我们表达经济学知识的语言遵循的逻辑规则略有不同：但这并不意味着一个知识，逻辑或重要性不如另一个，当然！你说通过仔细研究莎士比亚、修昔底德或柏拉图可以获得什么样的知识是“不切实际的”，这肯定表明了对人类生活中什么是实用的误解。除非你能证明有充分的理由相信苏格拉底错误地认为自我认识只是美好生活的可靠基础。
I responded: “Garry, you’re right that science if properly taught should incorporate skepticism. But science is becoming increasingly dogmatic and arrogant in our era, which is why we need the humanities to foster a healthy anti-dogmatism..
我回答说：“加里，你是对的，如果科学教学得当，应该包含怀疑主义。但是在我们这个时代，科学变得越来越教条和傲慢，这就是为什么我们需要人文学科来培养健康的反教条主义。
When Teaching Critical Thinking Backfires
当教授批判性思维适得其反时
As the fall semester ends, I’m brooding once again over the contradictions of teaching “critical thinking,” especially as applied to science. Below is an edited version of an essay I wrote for The Chronicle of Higher Education when I was in a similar mood. –John Horga.
随着秋季学期的结束，我再次沉思于教授“批判性思维”的矛盾，尤其是应用于科学的矛盾。以下是我为《高等教育纪事报》写的一篇文章的编辑版本，当时我也有类似的心情。——约翰·霍根
Don’t always believe what scientists and other authorities tell you! Be skeptical! Think critically! That’s what I tell my students, ad nauseam. And some learn the lesson too well.
不要总是相信科学家和其他权威告诉你的！持怀疑态度！想批判！这就是我告诉我的学生的，令人作呕。有些人把这个教训学得太好了。
I want to give my students the benefit of my hard-won knowledge of science’s fallibility. Early in my career, I was a conventional science writer, easily impressed by scientists’ claims. Fields such as physics, neuroscience, genetics and artificial intelligence seemed to be bearing us toward a future in which bionic superhumans would zoom around the cosmos in warp-drive spaceships. Science was an “endless frontier,” as physicist Vannevar Bush, a founder of the National Science Foundation, put it in 1945 .
我想让我的学生受益于我来之不易的科学易错知识。在我职业生涯的早期，我是一名传统的科学作家，很容易被科学家的主张所打动。物理学、神经科学、遗传学和人工智能等领域似乎正在引领我们走向一个未来，在这个未来中，仿生超人将乘坐曲速驱动的宇宙飞船在宇宙中放大。科学是一个“无尽的前沿”，正如美国国家科学基金会创始人、物理学家范尼瓦尔·布什（Vannevar Bush）在1945年所说的那样。
Doubt gradually undermined my faith. Scientists and journalists, I realized, often presented the public with an overly optimistic picture of science. By relentlessly touting scientific “advances”—from theories of cosmic creation and the origin of life to the latest treatments for depression and cancer—and by overlooking all the areas in which scientists were spinning their wheels, we made science seem more potent and fast-moving than it really is.
怀疑逐渐破坏了我的信心。我意识到，科学家和记者经常向公众展示一幅过于乐观的科学图景。通过无情地吹捧科学“进步”——从宇宙创造和生命起源的理论到抑郁症和癌症的最新治疗方法——并通过忽视科学家正在转动轮子的所有领域，我们让科学看起来比实际情况更强大、更快速。
Now, I urge my students to doubt the claims of physicists that they are on the verge of explaining the origin and structure of the cosmos. Some of these optimists favor string and multiverse theories, which cannot be confirmed by any conceivable experiment. This isn’t physics any more, I declare in class, it’s science fiction with equations !
现在，我敦促我的学生怀疑物理学家的说法，即他们即将解释宇宙的起源和结构。其中一些乐观主义者赞成弦和多元宇宙理论，这无法通过任何可以想象的实验来证实。这不再是物理学了，我在课堂上宣布，这是带有方程的科幻小说！
I give the same treatment to theories of consciousness, which attempt to explain how a three-pound lump of tissue—the brain—generates perceptions, thoughts, memories, emotions and self-awareness. Some enthusiasts assert that scientists will soon reverse-engineer the brain so thoroughly that they will be able to build artificial brains much more powerful than our own.
我对意识理论给予了同样的待遇，这些理论试图解释一块三磅重的组织——大脑——如何产生感知、思想、记忆、情感和自我意识。一些狂热者断言，科学家很快就会对大脑进行彻底的逆向工程，以便他们能够建造出比我们自己强大得多的人造大脑。
Balderdash! I tell my classes (or words to that effect). Scientists have proposed countless theories about how the brain absorbs, stores and processes information, but researchers really have no idea how the brain works. And artificial-intelligence advocates have been promising for decades that robots will soon be as smart as HAL or R2-D2. Why should we believe them now.
梦呓！我告诉我的班级（或类似的话）。科学家们已经提出了无数关于大脑如何吸收、存储和处理信息的理论，但研究人员真的不知道大脑是如何工作的。几十年来，人工智能倡导者一直承诺，机器人很快就会像HAL或R2-D2一样聪明。为什么我们现在应该相信他们？
Maybe, just maybe, I suggest, fields such as particle physics, cosmology and neuroscience are bumping up against insurmountable limits. The big discoveries that can be made have been made. Who says science has to solve every problem.
也许，只是也许，我建议，粒子物理学、宇宙学和神经科学等领域正在遇到不可逾越的极限。可以做出的重大发现已经做出。谁说科学必须解决所有问题？
Lest my students conclude that I’m some solitary crank, I assign them articles by other skeptics, including a dissection of epidemiology and clinical trials by journalist Gary Taubes in The New York Times. He advises readers to doubt dramatic claims about the benefits of some new drug or diet, especially if the claim is new. “Assume that the first report of an association is incorrect or meaningless,” Taubes writes, because it probably is. “So be skeptical..
为了避免我的学生认为我是一个孤独的怪人，我给他们分配了其他怀疑论者的文章，包括记者加里·陶布斯（Gary Taubes）在《纽约时报》上对流行病学和临床试验的剖析。他建议读者怀疑关于某些新药或饮食益处的戏剧性声明，特别是如果这种说法是新的。“假设一个协会的第一份报告是不正确的或毫无意义的，”陶布斯写道，因为它可能是。“所以要怀疑。”
To drive this point home, I assign articles by John Ioannidis, an epidemiologist who has exposed the flimsiness of most peer-reviewed research. In a 2005 study, he concluded that “most published research findings are false.” He and his colleagues contend that “the more extreme, spectacular results (the largest treatment effects, the strongest associations, or the most unusually novel and exciting biological stories) may be preferentially published.” These sorts of dramatic claims are also more likely to be wrong.
为了说明这一点，我分配了流行病学家约翰·约阿尼迪斯（John Ioannidis）的文章，他揭露了大多数同行评审研究的脆弱性。在2005年的一项研究中，他得出结论，“大多数已发表的研究结果都是错误的。他和他的同事认为，“更极端、更壮观的结果（最大的治疗效果，最强的关联，或最不寻常的新颖和令人兴奋的生物学故事）可能会优先发表。这些戏剧性的说法也更有可能是错误的。
The cherry on this ice-cream sundae of doubt is a critique by psychologist Philip Tetlock of expertise in soft sciences, such as politics, history, and economics. In his 2005 book Expert Political Judgment, Tetlock presents the results of his 20-year study of the ability of 284 “experts” in politics and economics to make predictions about current affairs. The experts did worse than random guessing, or “dart-throwing monkeys,” as Tetlock puts it.
这个怀疑的冰淇淋圣代上的樱桃是心理学家菲利普·泰特洛克（Philip Tetlock）对政治，历史和经济等软科学专业知识的批评。在他2005年出版的《专家政治判断》一书中，泰特洛克介绍了他20年来对284位政治和经济“专家”预测时事的能力的研究结果。专家们比随机猜测或泰特洛克所说的“投掷飞镖的猴子”做得更糟糕。
Like Ioannidis, Tetlock found a correlation between the prominence of experts and their fallibility. The more wrong the experts were, the more visible they were in the media. The reason, he conjectures, is that experts who make dramatic claims are more likely to get air time on CNN or column inches in The Washington Post, even though they are more likely to be wrong.
像Ioannidis一样，泰特洛克发现专家的突出地位与他们的错误性之间存在相关性。专家越错，他们在媒体上的知名度就越高。他猜想，原因是那些提出戏剧性主张的专家更有可能在CNN或《华盛顿邮报》的专栏上获得播出时间，即使他们更有可能是错误的。
For comic relief, I tell my students about a maze study, cited by Tetlock, that pitted rats against Yale undergraduates. Sixty percent of the time, researchers placed food on the left side of a fork in the maze; otherwise the food was placed randomly. After figuring out that the food was more often on the left side of the fork, the rats turned left every time and so were right 60 percent of the time. Yale students, discerning illusory patterns of left-right placement, guessed right only 52 percent of the time. Yes, the rats beat the Yalies! The smarter you are, the more likely you may be to “discover” patterns in the world that aren’t actually there.
为了滑稽的解脱，我告诉我的学生泰特洛克引用的一项迷宫研究，该研究使老鼠与耶鲁大学的本科生对抗。百分之六十的时间，研究人员将食物放在迷宫中叉子的左侧;否则食物是随机放置的。在弄清楚食物更频繁地在叉子的左侧之后，老鼠每次都向左转，因此有60%的时间向右转。耶鲁大学的学生，辨别出左右位置的虚幻模式，只有52%的时间猜对了。是的，老鼠打败了耶利人！你越聪明，你就越有可能“发现”世界上实际上不存在的模式。
So how do my students respond to my skeptical teaching? Some react with healthy pushback, especially to my suggestion that the era of really big scientific discoveries might be over. “On a scale from toddler knowledge to ultimate enlightenment, man’s understanding of the universe could be anywhere,” wrote a student named Matt. “How can a person say with certainty that everything is known or close to being known if it is incomparable to anything?.
那么，我的学生如何回应我的怀疑教学呢？有些人的反应是健康的反击，特别是对于我的建议，即真正重大科学发现的时代可能已经结束。“从幼儿知识到终极启蒙，人类对宇宙的理解可以在任何地方，”一位名叫马特的学生写道，“如果一个人无法与任何东西相比，怎么能肯定地说一切都是已知的或接近已知的呢？”
Other students embrace skepticism to a degree that dismays me. Cecelia, a biomedical-engineering major, wrote: “I am skeptical of the methods used to collect data on climate change, the analysis of this data, and the predictions made based on this data.” Pondering the lesson that correlation does not equal causation, Steve questioned the foundations of scientific reasoning. “How do we know there is a cause for anything?” he asked.
其他学生对怀疑的态度让我感到沮丧。生物医学工程专业的塞西莉亚写道：“我对用于收集气候变化数据的方法、对这些数据的分析以及基于这些数据做出的预测持怀疑态度。在思考相关性不等于因果关系的教训时，史蒂夫质疑科学推理的基础。“我们怎么知道任何事情都有原因？”他问。
In a similar vein, some students echoed the claim of radical postmodernists that we can never really know anything for certain, and hence that almost all our current theories will probably be overturned. Just as Aristotle’s physics gave way to Newton’s, which in turn yielded to Einstein’s, so our current theories of physics will surely be replaced by radically different ones.
同样，一些学生回应了激进后现代主义者的主张，即我们永远无法真正确定任何事情，因此我们目前的几乎所有理论都可能被推翻。正如亚里士多德的物理学让位于牛顿的物理学，牛顿的物理学又让位于爱因斯坦的物理学，我们目前的物理学理论肯定会被完全不同的理论所取代。
After one especially doubt-riddled crop of papers, I responded, “Whoa!”(or words to that effect). Science, I lectured sternly, has established many facts about reality beyond a reasonable doubt, embodied by quantum mechanics, general relativity, the theory of evolution, the genetic code. This knowledge has yielded applications—from vaccines to computer chips—that have transformed our world in countless ways. It is precisely because science is such a powerful mode of knowledge, I said, that you must treat new pronouncements skeptically, carefully distinguishing the genuine from the spurious. But you shouldn’t be so skeptical that you deny the possibility of achieving any knowledge at all.
在一堆特别充满疑问的论文之后，我回答说：“哇！（或类似的话）。我严厉地讲道，科学已经确立了许多关于现实的事实，超出了合理的怀疑，这些事实体现在量子力学、广义相对论、进化论、遗传密码上。这些知识产生了从疫苗到计算机芯片的应用，这些应用以无数方式改变了我们的世界。我说，正是因为科学是一种如此强大的知识模式，所以你必须怀疑地对待新的声明，仔细区分真伪。但是你不应该如此怀疑，以至于你否认获得任何知识的可能性。
My students listened politely, but I could see the doubt in their eyes. We professors have a duty to teach our students to be skeptical. But we also have to accept that, if we do our jobs well, their skepticism may turn on us.
我的学生礼貌地听着，但我可以看到他们眼中的疑惑。我们教授有责任教导我们的学生持怀疑态度。但我们也必须接受，如果我们把工作做好，他们的怀疑可能会转向我们。
When Practice Makes Imperfect
当实践变得不完美时
1 | When he arrived on the planet he respectfully saluted the lamplighter. |
Day after day the celestial lamplighter performed his well-practiced task. For him by now it was second nature. The planet, however, like the rest of the world, kept on changing. The routine stayed fixed, while the context changed..
日复一日，天上的点灯人完成了他训练有素的任务。对他来说，这是第二天性。然而，这个星球和世界其他地方一样，一直在变化。例程保持不变，而上下文发生了变化。
One of the most cherished myths in education or any kind of training is that in order to learn a skill one must practice it to the point of doing it without thinking. Whether I ask colleagues concerned with higher education, parents of young children, or students themselves, everyone seems to agree on this approach to what are called the basics. Whether it it learning how to play baseball, drive, or teach, the advice is the same: practice the basics until they become second nature. I think this is the wrong way to start.
教育或任何类型的培训中最珍贵的神话之一是，为了学习一项技能，必须练习到不假思索地做到这一点。无论我问的是关注高等教育的同事、幼儿的父母，还是学生自己，每个人似乎都同意这种所谓的基础知识方法。无论是学习如何打棒球、开车还是教书，建议都是一样的：练习基础知识，直到它们成为第二天性。我认为这是错误的开始方式。
Before explaining this last statement, let me give an example of just one context for each of the skills I mentioned that might lead one to question this faith in practicing the basics..
在解释这最后一句话之前，让我举一个例子，说明我提到的每种技能都有一个背景，这可能会导致人们质疑这种实践基础知识的信念。
As a child in summer camp I was taught to practice holding a baseball bat a particular way. The idea was to do so without thinking so that I could attend to other aspects of the game, such as the particular pitch I was trying to hit. Now, after years of lifting weights imperfectly, my right arm is stronger than my left. Should I hold the bat the same way in spite of this difference? Should everyone hold a bat the same way.
作为一个夏令营的孩子，我被教导以特定的方式练习握住棒球棒。我的想法是不假思索地这样做，这样我就可以关注比赛的其他方面，比如我试图击中的特定球场。现在，经过多年的举重不完美，我的右臂比左臂强壮。尽管存在这种差异，我应该以同样的方式握住球棒吗？每个人都应该以同样的方式握住球棒吗？
Because my driving skills have been overlearned, I flip my turn signal on automatically before making a turn. Now, suppose that I’m on an icy road about to make a turn, but the car is somewhat out of control. Wouldn’t turning on the signal in the same old way misguide the car behind by seeming to indicate that the situation is well in hand? Would use of the flashing light be more appropriate in this context? Recently I gave a talk in New Mexico. I was driven from the airport to the hotel across a desert, without a car in sight for miles and miles. At each turn, the driver dutifully signaled.
因为我的驾驶技能被过度学习，所以我在转弯前自动打开转向灯。现在，假设我在一条结冰的道路上即将转弯，但汽车有些失控。以同样古老的方式打开信号灯，似乎表明情况已经掌握在掌握之中，这不会误导后面的汽车吗？在这种情况下，使用闪光灯会更合适吗？最近我在新墨西哥州做了一个演讲。我从机场开车到酒店，穿过一片沙漠，几英里都没有车在视线范围内。每次转弯时，司机都会尽职尽责地发出信号。
Imagine overlearning the basics of driving in the United States and then taking a vacation in London, where people drive on the left side of the road. The car in front of you swerves out of control and you must react quickly. Do you slip back to old habits or avoid an accident by responding to what the current situation demands? It is interesting to consider that emergencies may often be the result of actions taken in response to previous training rather than in response to present considerations.
想象一下，过度学习在美国驾驶的基础知识，然后在伦敦度假，人们在道路的左侧行驶。你前面的车突然失控，你必须迅速做出反应。您是回到旧习惯还是通过应对当前形势的要求来避免事故？值得注意的是，紧急情况往往可能是针对以前的培训而不是对目前的考虑采取行动的结果。
One of the “basic skills” of teachers, and all lecturers, is the ability to take a large quantity of information and present it in bite-size pieces to students. For those of us who teach, reducing and organizing information becomes second nature. How often do we, so practiced in how to present information for a lecture, continue to present a prepared lesson without noticing that the class is no longer paying attention? Presenting all the prepared content too often overtakes the goal of teaching.
教师和所有讲师的“基本技能”之一是能够获取大量信息并将其以一口大小的形式呈现给学生。对于我们这些教书的人来说，减少和组织信息成为第二天性。我们有多少次，在如何为讲座呈现信息方面如此练习，继续呈现准备好的课程而没有注意到课堂不再集中注意力？呈现所有准备好的内容往往超过了教学的目标。
For students, note-taking skills can be overlearned, practiced as second nature. Many of us have had the experience of turning to our notes and finding that we don’t have the vaguest idea what they mean.
对于学生来说，记笔记的技能可以过度学习，作为第二天性练习。我们中的许多人都有过这样的经历：翻阅我们的笔记，发现我们并不清楚它们的含义。
Traveling makes us particularly aware rigidities. In several Asian countries drivers drive on the left side of the road, and pedestrians on the busy sidewalks follow the same pattern as cars, staying to the right or left accordingly. The frequency with which I came close to walking into people when traveling in Asia made clear to me that even a simple exercise, such as walking on the right, if originally learned mindlessly, may be hard to change. Each time I traveled to a different country, the rules changed, and my awkwardness increased.
旅行让我们特别意识到僵化。在一些亚洲国家，司机在道路左侧行驶，繁忙的人行道上的行人遵循与汽车相同的模式，相应地保持向右或向左行驶。在亚洲旅行时，我差点走进人家的频率让我清楚地知道，即使是一个简单的运动，比如靠右走路，如果最初是盲目学习的，可能也很难改变。每次我去不同的国家旅行，规则都会改变，我的尴尬也会增加。
When we drill ourselves in a certain skill so that it becomes second nature, does this lead to performing the skill mindlessly? Do we set limits on ourselves by practicing to the point of overlearning? When we approach a new skill, whether as adults or children, it is, by definition, a time when we know the least about it. Does it make sense to freeze our understanding of the skill before we try it out in different contexts and, at various stages, adjust it to our own strengths and experiences? Does it make sense to stick to what we first learned when that learning occurred when we were most naive? When we first learn a skill, we necessarily attend to each individual step. If we overlearn the drill, we essentially lose sight of the individual components and we find it hard to make small adjustments.
当我们在某项技能中训练自己，使其成为第二天性时，这是否会导致盲目地执行该技能？我们是否通过练习到过度学习来限制自己？当我们接近一项新技能时，无论是作为成年人还是儿童，根据定义，这是一个我们对它知之甚少的时候。在我们在不同的环境中尝试这项技能之前，冻结我们对这项技能的理解，并在不同阶段根据我们自己的优势和经验进行调整，这是否有意义？在我们最天真的时候，坚持我们第一次学到的东西有意义吗？当我们第一次学习一项技能时，我们必然会注意每个单独的步骤。如果我们过度学习钻头，我们基本上会忽视各个组件，并且很难进行小的调整。
Learning the basics in a rote, unthinking manner almost ensures mediocrity. At the least, it deprives learners of maximizing their own potential for more effective performance and, for enjoyment of the activity. Consider tennis. At tennis camp I was taught exactly how to hold my racket and toss the ball when serving. We were all taught the same way. When I later watched the U.S. Open, I noticed that none of the top players served the way I was taught, and, more important, each of them served slightly differently. Most of us are not taught our skills, whether academic, athletic, or artistic, by the real experts. The rules we are given to practice are based on generally accepted truths about how to perform the task and not on our individual abilities. If we mindlessly practice these skills, we are not likely to surpass our teachers. Even if we are fortunate enough to be shown how to do something by a true expert, mindless practice keeps the activity from becoming our own. If we learn the basics but do not overlearn them, we can vary them as we change or as the situation changes..
以死记硬背、不假思索的方式学习基础知识几乎可以确保平庸。至少，它剥夺了学习者最大限度地发挥自己的潜力，以获得更有效的表现和享受活动。考虑网球。在网球训练营，我被教导如何在发球时握住球拍和扔球。我们都以同样的方式接受教育。当我后来观看美国公开赛时，我注意到没有一个顶级球员按照我被教导的方式服务，更重要的是，他们每个人的服务都略有不同。我们大多数人都没有被真正的专家教给我们的技能，无论是学术、运动还是艺术。我们被赋予实践的规则是基于关于如何执行任务的普遍接受的真理，而不是基于我们的个人能力。如果我们盲目地练习这些技能，我们不可能超越我们的老师。即使我们有幸被一位真正的专家展示如何做某事，盲目的练习也会阻止我们自己的活动。如果我们学习基础知识但不过度学习它们，我们可以随着我们的变化或情况的变化而改变它们。
Perhaps the very notion of basics needs to be questioned. So-called basic skills are normatively derived. They are usually at least partially applicable for most people some of the time. They are sometimes not useful at all for some people (e.g., how to hold the racket for someone who is missing a finger or how to read a text for someone with dyslexia). They are not useful, however, as first learned, for everyone across all situations. If they are mindlessly overlearned, they are not likely to be varied even when variation would be advantageous. Perhaps one could say that for everyone there are certain basics, but that there is no such thing as the basics.
也许基础的概念本身需要受到质疑。所谓基本技能，是规范派生出来的。在某些时候，它们通常至少部分适用于大多数人。它们有时对某些人根本没有用（例如，如何为缺少手指的人握住球拍或如何为阅读障碍者阅读文本）。然而，正如最初所了解的那样，它们对所有情况下的每个人都没有用。如果它们被盲目地过度学习，即使变化是有利的，他们也不太可能变化。也许可以说，对于每个人来说，都有某些基础知识，但没有基础知识这样的东西。
In the classroom, teaching one set of basics for everyone may appear to be easier for the teacher. There are ways, however, to foster mindful learning of basic skills in classrooms full of potential experts. The rationale for this change in approaches is based on the belief that experts at anything become expert in part by varying those same basics. The rest of us, taught not to question, take them for granted.
在课堂上，为每个人教授一套基础知识对老师来说似乎更容易。然而，有一些方法可以在充满潜在专家的课堂上培养对基本技能的正念学习。这种方法变化的基本原理是基于这样一种信念，即任何事物的专家都会通过改变相同的基础知识而成为专家。我们其他人，被教导不要质疑，认为它们是理所当然的。
The key to this new way of teaching is based on an appreciation of both the conditional, or context-dependent, nature of the world and the value of uncertainty. Teaching skills and facts in a conditional way sets the stage for doubt and an awareness of how different situations may call for subtle differences in what we bring to them. This way of teaching imposes no special burden on teachers. Rather, it may increase their own mindfulness as it helps individual students come closer to realizing their potential.
这种新教学方式的关键是基于对世界的条件性或上下文依赖性本质和不确定性价值的理解。以有条件的方式教授技能和事实为怀疑和意识到不同的情况如何要求我们带给它们的东西产生微妙的差异奠定了基础。这种教学方式不会给教师带来特殊负担。相反，它可能会增加他们自己的正念，因为它可以帮助个别学生更接近实现他们的潜力。
We Need a Paris Agreement for Plastics
我们需要一个关于塑料的巴黎协定
1 | They’re flowing into the natural environment every day at an unprecedented rate |
My entry into the ocean plastics crisis began when our organization, SoulBuffalo, ran the first ever activist-to-industry ocean plastics summit in May of 2019. To imagine the summit, picture 165 senior leaders from Coca-Cola, Dow, Greenpeace, the American Chemistry Council, the World Bank, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and representatives of some of the world’s 15 million informal waste pickers all stuck on a boat together in the middle of the Atlantic Garbage Patch for four days.
我进入海洋塑料危机始于我们的组织 SoulBuffalo，于 2019 年 5 月举办了有史以来第一次活动家到行业的海洋塑料峰会。想象一下峰会，想象一下来自可口可乐，陶氏，绿色和平组织，美国化学理事会，世界银行，世界自然基金会（WWF）的165名高级领导人以及世界上1500万非正式拾荒者中的一些代表，他们一起在大西洋垃圾带中间的船上呆了四天。
These stakeholders have wildly different strategies, visions and objectives. Our mission was to bring them together in the heart of the crisis to ignite new relationships and accelerate action. We snorkeled together in a sea of plastics and hosted boundary-pushing conversations between leaders that don’t usually sit in the same room.
这些利益相关者的战略、愿景和目标截然不同。我们的使命是将他们在危机的中心聚集在一起，点燃新的关系并加快行动。我们一起在塑料的海洋中浮潜，并在通常不坐在同一个房间里的领导者之间主持突破界限的对话。
We saw up close the paradox of plastic, part wonder material, part environmental scourge. Lightweight and strong, plastic preserves food like no other material. Yet it breaks down into microplastics and nanoplastics, which can now be found everywhere in the world—from the deepest oceans to our very own bodies. Every day plastic is flowing into our natural environment at an unprecedented rate—a dump truck’s worth every minute into our oceans alone. As I wrote in Scientific American in August, the pandemic has made it worse. Enough masks are being made per year to cover the entire country of Switzerland.
我们近距离看到了塑料的悖论，部分是神奇的材料，部分是环境祸害。塑料轻巧而坚固，可以像其他材料一样保存食物。然而，它分解成微塑料和纳米塑料，现在在世界各地都可以找到 - 从最深的海洋到我们自己的身体。每天，塑料正以前所未有的速度流入我们的自然环境——仅每分钟就有一辆自卸卡车价值进入我们的海洋。正如我八月份在《科学美国人》上所写的那样，大流行使情况变得更糟。每年生产的口罩足以覆盖整个瑞士。
Confronting this reality together in the Atlantic Garbage Patch built bridges between the plastic industry and environmental NGOs. Five of the ideas workshopped during the summit are funded and up and running today (including the Plastic Pickers Operational Working Group). The summit made a powerful impact, but the crisis is far from resolved. The need for a complete overhaul of our broken system for managing waste is clear. The growing consensus is that the most effective way to do this is through a U.N. Global Treaty on Plastics. In 14 months at United Nations Environmental Assembly’s Fifth Session (UNEA-5), the U.N. will decide on whether to move a treaty forward.
在大西洋垃圾带共同面对这一现实，在塑料行业和环保非政府组织之间架起了桥梁。峰会期间研讨会的五个想法今天得到了资助并启动并运行（包括塑料拾取者运营工作组）。峰会产生了强大的影响，但危机远未解决。显然需要彻底改革我们破碎的废物管理系统。越来越多的共识是，最有效的方法是通过联合国全球塑料条约。14个月后，在联合国环境大会第五届会议（UNEA-5）上，联合国将决定是否推进一项条约。
The 70-plus-member Ocean Plastics Leadership Network, the activist-to-industry network dedicated to the plastics crisis that was born on that ship in the middle of the Atlantic, is committed to accelerating the work towards a “Paris Agreement” for plastics. We are currently at work on a yearlong series of virtual dialogues during the 14-month groundwork period leading up to the UNEA5 decision in February 2022 on whether to develop a global plastics treaty. Our role is to help map consensus amongst major stakeholders to accelerate a plastics treaty. Traditionally, negotiations on global treaties are incredibly hard, and the vast number of stakeholders in the global plastics crisis only adds to the complexity of the task.
拥有70多名成员的海洋塑料领导网络（Ocean Plastics Leadership Network）是致力于解决大西洋中部那艘船上诞生的塑料危机的行业活动家网络，致力于加快塑料“巴黎协定”的工作。在2022年2月UNEA5就是否制定全球塑料条约做出决定之前的14个月基础期内，我们目前正在开展为期一年的一系列虚拟对话。我们的职责是帮助主要利益相关者达成共识，以加速塑料条约的制定。传统上，全球条约的谈判非常困难，全球塑料危机中的大量利益相关者只会增加任务的复杂性。
Among the stakeholders for a new global agreement on plastic pollution are 193 U.N.-recognized governments; thousands of companies dependent on plastic; trade and advocacy groups; activists and industry-facing nonprofits; waste pickers in the developing world who are responsible for picking plastic out of landfills and off beaches; and seven billion consumers who recycle on average 14 percent of the total amount of plastic they consume.
新的全球塑料污染协议的利益相关者包括193个联合国认可的政府;数以千计的公司依赖塑料;贸易和倡导团体;活动家和面向行业的非营利组织;发展中国家的拾荒者，负责从垃圾填埋场和海滩上捡拾塑料;70亿消费者平均回收塑料占他们消费总量的14%。
We’re under no illusion about the scope of this challenge. We must create a safe forum for tough conversations to take place among this vast and varied group in advance of the February 2022 decision to inform negotiators at the U.N. and help advance the treaty. In the words of Costa Rican diplomat Christiana Figueres, who was central to the realization of the Paris Agreement, we must employ “relentless optimism,” coupled with “radical collaboration..
我们对这一挑战的范围不抱幻想。我们必须在2022年2月决定通知联合国谈判代表并帮助推进条约之前，为这个庞大而多样的群体之间开展艰难对话创造一个安全的论坛。哥斯达黎加外交官克里斯蒂安娜·菲格雷斯（Christiana Figueres）是实现《巴黎协定》的核心，用她的话来说，我们必须采用“无情的乐观主义”，加上“激进的合作”。
Despite this complexity, we believe a meaningful global agreement can be reached and that we must make it happen faster than any treaty before. There are good reasons for optimism. In 1988, the International Maritime Organization ratified a global agreement titled MARPOL Annex V making it illegal for ships to dump plastic in the ocean anywhere in the world. It is still in effect today, proving there’s precedent for global agreements to preserve our oceans. All of the Caribbean nations, the Nordic countries and the Pacific Island states have called for a new global agreement. Sixty-eight countries have publicly expressed interest in a plastics treaty, as have a broad coalition of African countries, and the European Union. While the U.S. has been notably silent on the topic, the groundswell of worldwide support is encouraging.
尽管存在这种复杂性，但我们相信可以达成一项有意义的全球协议，我们必须比以前任何条约都更快地达成这项协议。我们有充分的理由感到乐观。1988年，国际海事组织批准了一项名为MARPOL附则V的全球协议，规定船舶在世界任何地方向海洋倾倒塑料是非法的。它今天仍然有效，证明保护海洋的全球协议是有先例的。所有加勒比国家、北欧国家和太平洋岛国都呼吁达成一项新的全球协议。68个国家公开表达了对塑料条约的兴趣，非洲国家和欧盟的广泛联盟也是如此。虽然美国在这个话题上一直保持沉默，但全球支持的浪潮令人鼓舞。
In November, the U.K.’s environmental minister declared the time to start negotiating a plastics treaty is now. “We have a chance now to tackle plastic pollution in the way that the Paris agreement has done for climate change.” said Lord Zac Goldsmith. There is also hope across the environmental community that the recently elected Biden administration will be a meaningful force on the plastics treaty, as the Obama administration was for climate.
11月，英国环境部长宣布，现在是开始谈判塑料条约的时候了。“我们现在有机会像巴黎协议对气候变化所做的那样解决塑料污染问题，”扎克戈德史密斯勋爵说。整个环保界也希望，最近当选的拜登政府将成为塑料条约的一支有意义的力量，就像奥巴马政府对气候所做的那样。
Major reports released in 2020 from industry, NGOs and government also provide a useful blueprint to ground discussions. WWF, Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Boston Consulting Group laid out the business case for a global treaty, and 30 major companies have signed onto a “Business Call for a U.N. Treaty on Plastic Pollution.” They urged others to join them in advocating for an international response that aligns businesses and governments and offers a clear approach to addressing the plastic crisis.
行业、非政府组织和政府在2020年发布的主要报告也为实地讨论提供了有用的蓝图。世界自然基金会（WWF）、艾伦·麦克阿瑟基金会（Ellen MacArthur Foundation）和波士顿咨询集团（Boston Consulting Group）提出了一项全球条约的商业案例，30家大公司签署了“联合国塑料污染条约的商业呼吁”。他们敦促其他人与他们一起倡导国际应对措施，使企业和政府保持一致，并为解决塑料危机提供明确的方法。
Environmental NGO groups also voiced their support for a plastics treaty in a report from the Center for International Environmental Law, the Environment Investigation Agency and GAIA (Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives). The report has the backing of the Break Free from Plastic movement and Greenpeace. Finally, just a few weeks ago, the Nordic Council of Ministers rolled out a 148-page report that provides a suggested framework and positioning for a future treaty.
环保非政府组织团体也在国际环境法中心、环境调查局和GAIA（全球焚化炉替代品联盟）的一份报告中表达了对塑料条约的支持。该报告得到了“摆脱塑料运动”和绿色和平组织的支持。最后，就在几周前，北欧部长理事会发布了一份长达148页的报告，为未来的条约提供了建议的框架和定位。
These reports reveal that there is already alignment on some fundamental points. First, they all call for harmonized reporting on plastics throughout their life cycle, making it possible to account for everything that is being made and how it is handled. This requires a standardization of terms for all things plastic, so regions and stakeholders all speak the same language. Second, all the reports recommend national action plans, where each country sets up its own plans to manage waste based on minimum requirements, much as nations do with greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris accord. Finally, the reports agree that scientific panels should monitor progress globally, and a financial mechanism must support developing countries and distribute funds internationally.
这些报告表明，在一些基本问题上已经保持一致。首先，他们都呼吁在整个生命周期内对塑料进行统一的报告，从而可以解释正在制造的所有东西以及如何处理。这需要对所有塑料事物的术语进行标准化，因此地区和利益相关者都使用相同的语言。其次，所有报告都推荐了国家行动计划，每个国家都根据最低要求制定自己的废物管理计划，就像各国根据《巴黎协定》对温室气体排放所做的那样。最后，报告一致认为，科学小组应监测全球进展情况，金融机制必须支持发展中国家并在国际上分配资金。
While environmental organizations (like OPLN member Greenpeace) and industry groups (like OPLN member American Chemistry Council) may agree on some of the basic structures of a global agreement there are still challenging issues to address. Environmental groups call for mandatory plastic reduction goals and enforceable mechanisms in the treaty, as well as limits on new fossil fuel–derived virgin plastic production. Meanwhile, many industry groups believe a treaty can be successful without mandatory reduction goals and heavily emphasize the expansion of advanced recycling or chemical recycling technologies. Many environmental activist groups see the advanced recycling models as a license to continue with the status quo on consumption.
虽然环保组织（如OPLN成员绿色和平组织）和行业团体（如OPLN成员美国化学理事会）可能就全球协议的一些基本结构达成一致，但仍有具有挑战性的问题需要解决。环保组织呼吁在条约中制定强制性的塑料减排目标和可执行的机制，以及限制新的化石燃料衍生的原始塑料生产。与此同时，许多行业团体认为，在没有强制性减排目标的情况下，条约可以取得成功，并大力强调扩大先进的回收或化学回收技术。许多环保活动家团体将先进的回收模式视为继续维持消费现状的许可证。
A landmark report from the Pew Charitable Trusts, SYSTEMIQ and various academic partners, titled “Breaking the Plastic Wave,” points toward a way to help bridge this divide: we need to dramatically ramp up both upstream solutions such as reduction goals championed by environmental groups and downstream solutions championed by industry, including fixing our broken mechanical recycling system and investing in new technologies.
皮尤慈善信托基金会（Pew Charitable Trusts）、SYSTEMIQ和各种学术合作伙伴的一份具有里程碑意义的报告，题为“打破塑料浪潮”，指出了一种帮助弥合这一鸿沟的方法：我们需要大幅提升上游解决方案，例如环保组织倡导的减排目标和行业倡导的下游解决方案，包括修复我们破碎的机械回收系统和投资新技术。
How long will bridging this divide take? The road to the Paris Agreement actually began in 1991 with the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, and continued with the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and the failed meetings in Copenhagen in 2009. The Paris Agreement was finally signed in 2016, 25 years after the first framework was agreed upon. The Montreal Protocol, which has been instrumental in repairing our ozone layer, was signed in 1987, 14 years after CFCs were posited to pose a danger—speedy by U.N. standards. A high seas treaty to conserve marine biological diversity in international waters has been under discussion for 12 years now.
弥合这一鸿沟需要多长时间？通往《巴黎协定》的道路实际上始于1991年的《联合国气候变化框架公约》，并延续了1997年的《京都议定书》，以及2009年在哥本哈根的失败会议。《巴黎协定》最终于2016年签署，距离第一个框架达成一致已有25年。《蒙特利尔议定书》在修复我们的臭氧层方面发挥了重要作用，于1987年签署，14年后，氟氯化碳被认为构成危险 - 按照联合国标准，这是迅速的。一项保护国际水域海洋生物多样性的公海条约已经讨论了12年。
However, there is a precedent for greater speed when the issue is plastic. The Basel plastic amendments included plastic waste in a legally binding framework to make global trade in plastic waste more transparent and better regulated. This was a major accomplishment, and the time between the first proposal and unanimous adoption by governments was just eight months, previously an unheard-of time frame in which to negotiate an international agreement.
但是，当问题是塑料问题时，有更快的速度的先例。巴塞尔塑料修正案将塑料废物纳入具有法律约束力的框架，以使全球塑料废物贸易更加透明和监管。这是一项重大成就，从第一项提案到各国政府一致通过的时间只有八个月，这在以前是谈判国际协议的闻所未闻的时间框架。
Reports such as “Breaking the Plastic Wave” tell us we’re running out of time. We must rapidly accelerate both upstream and downstream solutions to have any chance of solving this crisis. If we delay dramatic action by just five years and maintain current government and industry commitments, an additional 80 million metric tons of plastic will end up in the ocean by 2040 (or about half of all the plastic that has accumulated from the start of the plastics era up to now).
诸如“打破塑料浪潮”之类的报告告诉我们，我们的时间不多了。我们必须迅速加快上游和下游解决方案，才有机会解决这场危机。如果我们将重大行动推迟五年，并保持当前的政府和行业承诺，到2040年，将有8000万吨塑料最终进入海洋（约占从塑料时代开始到现在积累的所有塑料的一半）。
Preventing this disaster for ocean ecosystems and human health and well-being requires creating safe spaces for discussion between environmental and industry groups now. The only way forward is to approach the obstacles head-on in the belief that tension equals progress, and that all parties, regardless of their perspective and approach, should have a seat at the table. If we are brave enough to have those conversations, we have reason to be relentlessly optimistic that an ambitious plastics treaty matching the scale and urgency of the problem can be realized in record time.
为了防止这场对海洋生态系统和人类健康和福祉的灾难，现在就需要为环境和行业团体之间的讨论创造安全的空间。唯一的前进道路是直面障碍，相信紧张等于进步，各方，无论其观点和做法如何，都应该在谈判桌上占有一席之地。如果我们有足够的勇气进行这些对话，我们有理由坚持不懈地乐观地认为，一项与问题的规模和紧迫性相匹配的雄心勃勃的塑料条约可以在创纪录的时间内实现。
Why “De-growth” Shouldn’t Scare Businesses
为什么“去增长”不应该吓到企业
The concept of degrowth dates back to the 1970s, when a group of French intellectuals led by the philosopher Andre Gorz proposed a simple idea: In response to mounting environmental and social problems, they suggested that the only real solution was to produce and consume less—to shrink our economies to cope with the carrying capacity of our planet. The proposal was considered by many at the time to be too radical. But with today’s climate crisis, debates around degrowth have been reinvigorated, and many major figures such as Noam Chomsky, Yanis Varoufakis and Anthony Giddens have, to varying degrees, expressed support for the idea.
去增长的概念可以追溯到1970年代，当时由哲学家安德烈·戈尔茨（Andre Gorz）领导的一群法国知识分子提出了一个简单的想法：为了应对日益严重的环境和社会问题，他们提出唯一真正的解决方案是减少生产和消费 - 缩小我们的经济以应对我们星球的承载能力。当时许多人认为该提案过于激进。但随着今天的气候危机，围绕去增长的辩论重新活跃起来，诺姆·乔姆斯基、雅尼斯·瓦鲁法基斯和安东尼·吉登斯等许多主要人物在不同程度上表达了对这一想法的支持。
For others though—especially business leaders—degrowth is completely unthinkable, not least because of the anti-consumerist roots of the term. The prevailing view is that growth is an economic necessity, and any threat to that not only undermines business, but basic societal functioning. For instance, there is a warning about the dire social consequences of what is perceived to be a movement of “consumer shaming.” Framed in these terms, the resistance of multinational CEOs and entrepreneurs alike is predictable, as is the reluctance of politicians to promote degrowth policies that would potentially prove unpopular with key constituents. The economist Tim Jackson provides a concise assessment: “Questioning growth is deemed to be the act of lunatics.”
然而，对于其他人——尤其是商业领袖——去增长是完全不可想象的，尤其是因为这个词的反消费主义根源。普遍的看法是，增长是经济上的必需品，任何对增长的威胁不仅会破坏商业，还会破坏基本的社会功能。例如，有一个警告说，被认为是“消费者羞辱”运动的可怕社会后果。从这些角度来看，跨国CEO和企业家的抵制是可以预见的，政治家们不愿推行可能不受关键选民欢迎的去增长政策也是可以预见的。经济学家蒂姆·杰克逊（Tim Jackson）给出了一个简明扼要的评估：“质疑增长被认为是疯子的行为。
Critics of degrowth have also put forth other arguments that, at face value, seem valid: the economist Joseph Stiglitz argues, for instance, that since growth is unquestionably good for human development, we simply need a different kind of growth that is better for the environment, not less of it. Others argue that the philosophy of degrowth does not seriously account for technological innovation—specifically the idea that we can continue current growth patterns if we innovate products that are less resource-intensive and generate fewer waste by-products.
去增长的批评者还提出了其他论点，从表面上看，这些论点似乎是有效的：例如，经济学家约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨（Joseph Stiglitz）认为，既然增长无疑有利于人类发展，我们只需要一种对环境更好的不同类型的增长，而不是更少。其他人则认为，去增长哲学并没有认真考虑技术创新 - 特别是如果我们创新资源密集度较低且产生较少废物副产品的产品，我们可以继续目前的增长模式。
There are, however, problems with these perspectives. First, given the finite nature of our planet, infinite economic growth—even of a different variety—is a logical impossibility. Secondly, innovation and improvements produce, in many cases, unintended consequences. One of which is the Jevons paradox, where individuals compensate for efficiency through increased consumption. For instance, more energy-efficient refrigerators lead to more refrigerators in a home.
然而，这些观点存在问题。首先，鉴于我们星球的有限性，无限的经济增长——即使是不同种类的增长——在逻辑上是不可能的。其次，在许多情况下，创新和改进会产生意想不到的后果。其中之一是杰文斯悖论，即个人通过增加消费来补偿效率。例如，更节能的冰箱会导致家庭中更多的冰箱。
The third and most fundamental issue is that the degrowth movement has already begun: at a grassroots level, consumer demand is actively being transformed, despite political and corporate reticence. A recent YouGov poll in France highlights that 27% of respondents are seeking to consume less—double the percentage from two years prior. The number of people eating less meat or giving it up altogether has been rising exponentially in recent years, too. Similarly, the movement of Flygskam (literally “flight shaming” in Swedish) has had early successes in reducing pollution: 10 Swedish airports have reported considerable declines in passenger traffic over the past year, which they attribute directly to Flygskam. In the apparel industry, fast fashion is still popular, but garment manufacturers are preparing for a backlash as consumers voice growing criticism of the ecological impact of clothing. Accounts such as these indicate how consumers in many contexts are increasingly conscious of the negative consequences of consumerism and are seeking to change their habits. We are witnessing the emergence of consumer-driven degrowth..
第三个也是最根本的问题是，去增长运动已经开始：在基层，消费者需求正在积极转变，尽管政治和企业保持沉默。法国YouGov最近的一项民意调查显示，27%的受访者正在寻求减少消费 - 是两年前的两倍。近年来，少吃肉或完全放弃肉的人数也呈指数级增长。同样，Flygskam（瑞典语中的字面意思是“航班羞辱”）的运动在减少污染方面取得了早期的成功：10个瑞典机场报告了过去一年的客运量大幅下降，他们直接将其归因于Flygskam。在服装行业，快时尚仍然很受欢迎，但随着消费者对服装的生态影响提出越来越多的批评，服装制造商正在为强烈反对做准备。诸如此类的报道表明，在许多情况下，消费者越来越意识到消费主义的负面影响，并正在寻求改变他们的习惯。我们正在目睹消费驱动的去增长的出现。
These stories also indicate how degrowth opens new opportunities: some companies and industries will certainly be disrupted, but others that are sufficiently prepared for such transitions will handily outmaneuver their competitors. For instance, Flygskam has been a boon for train travel, bolstered by a social media movement called Tågskryt (“train brag”). Meanwhile reduced meat consumption has been accompanied by an explosion in meat substitutes that produce one-tenth of the greenhouse gases compared to the real thing. Accordingly, degrowth reshuffles competitive dynamics within and across industries and, despite what many corporate leaders assume, offers new bases for competitive advantage.
这些故事也表明了去增长如何开辟新的机会：一些公司和行业肯定会被颠覆，但其他为这种转型做好充分准备的公司和行业将轻松战胜竞争对手。例如，Flygskam一直是火车旅行的福音，得到了一个名为Tågskryt（“火车吹牛”）的社交媒体运动的支持。与此同时，肉类消费量的减少伴随着肉类替代品的爆炸式增长，与真实产品相比，肉类替代品产生的温室气体是十分之一。因此，去增长重新洗牌了行业内部和行业之间的竞争动态，尽管许多企业领导者认为，它为竞争优势提供了新的基础。
Based on our examination of companies at the forefront of the degrowth movement, we’ve identified three of their strategies that can apply to larger incumbent firms. First, firms can pursue degrowth-adapted product design, involving the creation of products that have longer lifespans, are modular, or are locally produced. Fairphone, a social enterprise, eschews the built-in obsolescence of larger mobile device manufacturers and produces repairable phones that dramatically extend their longevity. Similarly, the start-up The 30 Year Sweatshirt sells high-quality, durable products that run counter to fast fashion principles. Although incumbents have yet to follow suit, such transformations are not without precedent: for example, the American auto industry was forced to move away from planned obsolescence, which was a common practice dating back to the 1920s, when Japanese competitors seized the market in the 1970s-80s with more reliable and fuel-efficient vehicles that were built to last.
根据我们对处于去增长运动前沿公司的研究，我们确定了三种可以适用于大型现有公司的策略。首先，企业可以追求适应去增长的产品设计，包括创造寿命更长、模块化或本地生产的产品。Fairphone是一家社会企业，它避免了大型移动设备制造商的固有过时，并生产可维修的手机，大大延长了其使用寿命。同样，初创公司The 30 Year Sweatshirt销售与快时尚原则背道而驰的高质量，耐用的产品。尽管现有企业尚未效仿，但这种转变并非没有先例：例如，美国汽车工业被迫摆脱计划中的过时，这是一种可追溯到 1920 年代的常见做法，当时日本竞争对手在 1970 年代至 80 年代以更可靠、更省油的汽车占领了市场。
Second, firms can engage in value-chain repositioning, where they exit from certain stages of the value chain and delegate some tasks to stakeholders. As an example, the vehicle manufacturer Local Motors created a proof-of-concept recyclable vehicle crafted with 50 individual parts printed onsite, compared with the roughly 25,000 parts required for a traditional vehicle. The company crowdsourced designs and crowdfunded the project from their potential consumers. Larger firms such as Lego have also taken advantage of this model, launching marketplaces for either creating new designs or trading used products. This way, the firm creates different ways to consume despite production limits. Firms that incorporate stakeholder engagement in their operations are thereby faster to adapt to degrowth when it becomes more mainstream.
其次，企业可以进行价值链重新定位，从价值链的某些阶段退出，并将一些任务委托给利益相关者。例如，汽车制造商Local Motors创造了一种概念验证可回收车辆，该车辆由现场打印的50个单独零件制成，而传统车辆则需要大约25，000个零件。该公司从潜在消费者那里众包设计和众筹该项目。乐高等大公司也利用了这种模式，推出了创建新设计或交易二手产品的市场。通过这种方式，尽管生产受到限制，但该公司创造了不同的消费方式。因此，当增长变得更加主流时，将利益相关者参与纳入其运营的公司可以更快地适应去增长。
Third, firms can lead through degrowth-oriented standard setting. This entails creation of a standard for the rest of the industry to follow. The apparel company Patagonia—that explicitly follows an “antigrowth” strategy—is the poster child for this philosophy, offering a worn-wear store and providing free repairs for not only their own products, but also for those of other garment manufacturers. In a similar vein, the automobile company Tesla released all its patents in 2014, seeking to catalyze the diffusion of electric vehicles. Such initiatives were not merely marketing ploys, but also strategies to standardize a practice or technological platform throughout an industry—one in which companies like Patagonia or Tesla would have existing expertise.
第三，企业可以通过以去增长为导向的标准制定来引领。这需要为行业其他部门创建一个标准。服装公司巴塔哥尼亚（Patagonia）明确遵循“反增长”战略，是这一理念的典型代表，它提供破旧服装店，不仅为自己的产品提供免费维修，还为其他服装制造商的产品提供免费维修。同样，汽车公司特斯拉在2014年公布了所有专利，试图促进电动汽车的普及。这些举措不仅仅是营销策略，也是在整个行业中标准化实践或技术平台的战略——巴塔哥尼亚或特斯拉等公司将拥有现有的专业知识。
These strategies illustrate potential ways that firms can adapt to consumer-driven degrowth. Firms may pursue more than one strategy (or all three) simultaneously: In 2016, for example, Google attempted to create a longer lasting phone with modular components, soliciting feedback from supply chain actors on how to create standardized parts for their handset. Although “Project Ara” was ultimately cancelled, it did reveal a common thread among the strategies. Effective and inclusive communication with stakeholders across the supply chain is crucial, but framing the project in a way that all those stakeholders can buy into requires considerable effort and adjustment through trial and error.
这些战略说明了企业适应消费者驱动的去增长的潜在方式。公司可以同时采取一种以上的策略（或全部三种）：例如，在2016年，谷歌试图用模块化组件制造一款更持久的手机，征求供应链参与者关于如何为其手机创建标准化部件的反馈。虽然“阿拉计划”最终被取消，但它确实揭示了战略之间的共同点。与整个供应链中的利益相关者进行有效和包容的沟通至关重要，但以所有这些利益相关者都可以接受的方式构建项目需要大量的努力和通过反复试验进行调整。
As we continue to grapple with climate change, we can expect consumers, rather than politicians, to increasingly drive degrowth by changing their consumption patterns. Firms should think in an innovative way about this consumer-driven degrowth as an opportunity, instead of resisting or dismissing the demands of this small but growing movement. Businesses that successfully do so will emerge more resilient and adaptable—instead of necessarily selling more, they will sell better, and grow in a way that satisfies consumers while respecting the environment.
随着我们继续努力应对气候变化，我们可以预期消费者，而不是政治家，将通过改变他们的消费模式来越来越多地推动增长放缓。企业应该以创新的方式思考这种由消费者驱动的去增长是一个机会，而不是抵制或忽视这一规模虽小但不断增长的运动的需求。成功做到这一点的企业将变得更有弹性和适应性——他们不一定卖得更多，而是卖得更好，并以满足消费者的方式发展，同时尊重环境。